Turkish Empires in China History

Turkish Dynasty in China[edit]

• Later Tang in China (923–936) (founded by Shato)^[15][16][17]

The Later Tang lasted from 923 to 936 during the Five Dynasties and Ten KingdomsPeriod in China,^[1] the first in a series of three dynasties ruled by the Shatuo Turks. At its height, it controlled most of northern China.

• Later Jin in China (936–947) (founded by Shato)^[15][16]

The Later Jìn (simplified Chinese: 后晋; traditional Chinese: 後晉; pinyin: Hòu Jìn) (936–947) was one of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China. It was founded by Shi Jingtang, posthumously known asGaozu of Later Jin. The first of the Shatuo Turk dynasties was founded in 923 by Li Cunxu, the son of the great Shatuo Turk chieftain Li Keyong. Called the Later Tang, it extended Shatuo Turk domains from their base in Shanxi to most of northern China, and into Sichuan. After Li Cunxu’s death, his adopted son, Li Siyuan became emperor. 

• Later Han in China (947–951) (founded by Shato)^[16][18]

The Later Han (simplified Chinese: 后汉; traditional Chinese: 後漢; pinyin: Hòu Hàn) was founded in 947. It was the fourth of the Five Dynasties and the third consecutiveShatuo Turk dynasty. It was among the shortest-lived of all Chinese regimes, lasting for slightly under four years before it was overcome by a rebellion that resulted in the founding of the Later Zhou.

Liu Zhiyuan established his capital at Bian, present day Kaifeng. The Later Han held essentially the same territory as the Later Jin. Its southern border with the southern states stretched from the East China Sea about halfway between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River before dipping south toward the Yangtze at its mid reaches before turning northwest along the northern border of Sichuan and extending as far west as Shaanxi. In the north, it included much of Shaanxi and Hebei except the Sixteen Prefectures, which were lost by the Later Jin to what was by this time known as the Liao Dynasty.


http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/turks.html
The designation "Turks" is first mentioned during the Sui Dynasty 隋, their totem or symbol was a wolf (like later that of the Mongols), and their organisation consisted of ten tribes of whom the tribe Ashina 阿史那 was the mightiest and should produce the Qaghan rulers. Their area of origin was the Qiansichuzheshi 踦踐斯處折施 Mountain (unknown place), later they moved to the area north of Gaochang 高昌 (modern Xinjiang province) where they employed the technology of casting iron tools. In the 5th century when the Rouran 柔然 dominated the steppe the Turks moved north to the southern hills of the Altai mountains. The Rouran called the Turks "Duannu 鍛奴 slaves". At the begin of the 6th century when the Rouran empire began to weaken the Turks again moved south, and under the chieftain Tümän (Chinese: Tumen 土門) they started to develop trade with the Chinese border regions, and from 545 China and the Turks had regular "international" relations. When Tümän defeated the Rouran he was rewarded by the Western Wei (Xiwei) 西魏 emperor and was given Princess Changle 長樂公主. In 552 Tümän proclaimed himself as Yili Qaghan 伊利可汗 with a residence near the Ütükän Mountains at the Orkhon River in modern Mongolia. His brother Istämi (Chinese: Shidianmi 室點密) started campaigns to the west to expand the Turkish empire.
The Turkish empire was a federation of several tribes that accepted the dominance of a miliarily powerful and authoritative leader, the Great Qaghan (da kehan 大可汗). His male relatives were given subordinated posts and ruled the tribes (Turkish: oq, Chinese: buluo 部落) and subtribes (organised as yabghu/Chinese: yehu 葉護 ,shad/she 設 or sha 殺, tigin/teqin 特勤, iltäbär/yilifa 俟利發, and tudun/tutun 吐屯). In the mid-6th century the empire of the Turks stretched from the Ordos bend of the Yellow River to the north of modern Hebei province. Under Mugan Qaghan 木杆可汗 the Turks defeated the early Khitan empire (Chinese: Qidan 契丹) in the east and theHephthalites (or White Huns; Chinese: Yeda [口+厭]噠) in the west. With the death of Tuobo 佗鉢 in 581 the Turk empire disintegrated and split into two parts, the Eastern Turks (Dong Tujue 東突厥) and the Western Turks (Xi Tujue 西突厥).

The Sixteen Barbarian States Wuhu shiliuguo 五胡十六國 (300~430) were one and a half dozen of polities mostly founded by Non-Chinese tribal leaders that ruled over northern China for about 150 years in the early phase of the Southern and Northern Dynasties period 南北朝 (300~600). Contrary to the name, some of the states were founded by Chinese, and the number of sixteen does not include all state foundations during that period of time (like Western Yan 西燕, Dai 代 or Qiuchi 仇池). 




The Sixteen States were not considered as righteous dynasties by Chinese historians.

The Sixteen States were:



Arranged by name, colours indicating ethnicity (Di 氐 D, Jie 羯 J, Qiang 羌 Q, Xianbei 鮮卑 Xb, Xiongnu 匈奴 Xn, Chinese no colour):
Cheng-Han 成漢 (304-347 D) ►
Former Zhao 前趙 (304-329 Xn) ►, Later Zhao 後趙 (319-350 J) ►
Former Yan 前燕 (337-370 Xb) ►, Later Yan 後燕 (384-409 Xb) ►, Northern Yan 北燕 (409-436) ►, Southern Yan 南燕 (398-410 Xb) ►
Former Liang 前涼 (314-376) ►, Later Liang 後涼 (386-403 D) ►, Northern Liang 北涼 (398-439 Xn) ►, Southern Liang 南涼 (397-414 Xb) ►, Western Liang 西涼 (400-421) ►
Former Qin 前秦 (351-395 D) ►, Later Qin 後秦 (384-417 Q) ►, Western Qin 西秦 (385-431 Xb) ►
Xia 夏 (407-432 Xn) ►

Arranged by geographical distribution and time:

Sichuan	Shanxi/Hebei		Shaanxi		Gansu
成漢 Cheng-Han ►	前趙 Former Zhao ►				前涼 Former Liang ►
	後趙 Later Zhao ►			[代 Dai]►
	前燕 Former Yan ►		前秦 Former Qin►
	[西燕 Western Yan]►	後燕 Later Yan►	後秦 Later Qin►		後涼 Later Liang ►		[仇池 Qiuchi] ►
	南燕 Southern Yan ►	北燕 Northern Yan ►	西秦 Western Qin ►	夏 Xia ►	南涼 Southern Liang ►	西涼 Western Liang ►	北涼 Northern Liang ►

氐
The di nationality, is one of the most important people in the history of china. From Qin Dynasty to the northern and Southern Dynasties, at the junction of the di nationality distribution in Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan Province, mostly concentrated in the Longnan area. The period of Wei and Jin Dynasties, with the di nationality…

古族名。周秦时分布在今甘肃、陕西、四川三省相邻地带。从事畜牧业和农业。部落支系繁多,有青氐、白氐、蚺氐和巴氐、白马氐、阴平氐等。 常与羌并称...

The ancient name. Zhou Qinshi distribution in Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan provinces adjacent zone. Engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Tribal many branches, green, white, boa Di Di Di and Badi, Baima Di Ping Di, etc.. Often with Qiang and said...

http://www.liziso.com/lizi/5rCQ5Lq6.html

匈奴后人--【羯族】

羯，是中国古代北方民族之一，源于小月氏﹐曾附属于匈奴﹐故又称“匈奴别部”。

最后上一张现代俄国羯族的照片 

The Jié (Chinese: 羯; Wade–Giles: Chieh; Middle Chinese: [ki̯at]^[1]:246) were members of a small tribe in Northern China in the 4th century CE. They established the Later Zhao state.

According to the Book of Wei, their name derives from the Jiéshì area (羯室, modern Yushe County in Shanxi province) where they reside.^[2][3]:6,149. The Chinese graphic pejorative 羯 literally means "wether" or "castrated male sheep".

According to the Book of Jin, the ancestors of Shi Le, the founder of Later Zhao, were a separate tribe of Xiongnu known as Qiāngqú (羌渠).^[4] Pulleyblank identified Qiangqu with Kangju, who might be Tocharian in origin.^[1]:247

In 319, Jie general Shi Le established the state of Later Zhao in northern China, which supplanted the Xiongnu-led Han Zhao (304-329) state. However, the Later Zhao state collapsed in 351. In the period between 350 and 352, General Ran Min ordered the complete extermination of this tribe, and their distinctive features led to large numbers being killed^{[citation needed]}. Despite this, the Jie continue to appear occasionally in history over the next 200 years. Both Erzhu Rong and Hou Jing, two famous warlords of theNorthern Dynasties, were identified as Qihu and Jiehu respectively and modern scholars have suggested that they could have been be related to the Jie.

Some historians conjecture the Jie to have been be a medieval tribe related to the modern Kets, living between the Ob and Yeniseyrivers—the character 羯 (jié) is pronounced kit in Cantonese, ket or kiet in Hakka and katsu or ketsu in Japanese, implying that the ancient pronunciation may have been fairly close to Ket. Western Washington University historical linguist Edward Vajda spent a year in Siberia studying the Ket people and their language and his findings helped substantiated such conjecture into the origins of the Ket people, where DNA claims show genetic affinities with people of Tibetan, Burmese, and other origins [1]. He further proposes a relationship of the Ket language to the Na-Dene languages indigenous to Canada and western United States, and even suggests the tonal system of the Ket language is closer that that of Vietnamese than any of the native Siberian languages [2]. His (2004) monograph Ket is the first modern scholarly grammar of the Ket language in English. (Lueders 2008)

Others^[who?] link the Jie with the Sogdians, and suggest that the family name of Shi from Jie who ruled the Later Zhao state originated in the Sogdian statelet of Tashkent, which was later also known as the Kingdom of Shi. An Lushan, the Tang rebel general, had a Sogdian stepfather and was called a Jiehu. Yet others trace the Jie to those Great Yuezhi or Tocharians who had remained in Sogdiana.^[14]

羌Tibetan

Read Chinese Blog
http://lyqing333.blog.163.com/blog/static/272904720115343527700/
禹羌文化专家李德书说：“四川三星堆人也是羌人！

据传，羌人先祖古羌王阿巴白构给他的九个儿子分封属地，第九子尔国基的分封属地就是此地，并建巨达尔国城于此，故名九(皇)黄山。http://china.kids21.cn/wlhs/zrfg/201106/t20110610_59552.htm

鲜卑人 原创]古代一度的最强“战斗民族”——鲜卑人是白种人

最近有网友提到了古代曾打败众多民族，在中国北部地区建立起统一政权北魏的鲜卑人，这位网友认为鲜卑人不是一个民族，只是部落联盟，东部鲜卑保留鲜卑人血统多一点，西部鲜卑则匈奴血统多一点，原主体鲜卑人的特征是黄发多须,深眼高鼻的胡人，也就是白种人吧。
http://bbs.tiexue.net/post2_7459628_1.html

慕容鲜卑为黄帝、颛顼后人

众所周知，慕容鲜卑在朝阳建立了前燕、后燕和北燕，由此朝阳称为三燕古都。历史上，鲜卑慕容氏建立的前燕、后燕、北燕，都以朝阳为都。雷广臻认为，鲜卑慕容氏定都辽宁西部，大有荣归故里、寻根问祖之意，而与汉族的重新融合，互取精华，也为隋唐时期的高度繁荣注入了文化基因。

http://chaoyangshi.h.baike.com/article-200655.html

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/鲜卑

卑人 三国时期

鲜卑人

三国时期在乌桓被曹操征伐之后衰落，鲜卑崛起，236年，曹魏幽州刺史王雄派刺客杀死轲比能，立素利。这段时期为鲜卑的古典时期，《三国志》“乌丸鲜卑东夷传”中有述。

在西晋时期鲜卑分为三大支部。
东鲜卑

东部有段部、慕容部、宇文部等。

其中段部被羯人的后赵击溃，融入中原。有人认为该部与宋朝时期的大理段氏有关。

慕容部的慕容皝创立大燕国，史称前燕。前燕能臣慕容恪死后衰落，慕容昧（字景茂）为王时亡于氐人苻氏的前秦。慕容恪的弟弟慕容垂降前秦。384年，在前秦淝水之战败于东晋之后，慕容垂复国建立燕国，史称后燕。同时慕容昧的弟弟慕容冲（小名凤皇，前燕的中山王，大司马）也建立了一个燕国，史称西燕。394年西燕被后燕所灭。后燕后被鲜卑拓跋氏的北魏击溃。后燕慕容德成立南燕。南燕也被北魏所灭。(慕容皝、慕容恪、慕容垂、慕容德等人均在金庸小说《天龙八部》中出现在虚构人物“慕容复”的“大燕皇族世系表”中。）

宇文部与高句丽通好，但败给了慕容皝的前燕。之后南北朝时期宇文氏篡西魏成立北周。北周后为外戚杨坚所篡，成立隋朝。宇文部落中的迭刺部后来是契丹创始时期的“契丹八部”之一。

鲜卑人 北鲜卑

鲜卑人

北部，即中部，有著名的拓跋部，以及与其多次交战的柔然。

386年，代国后代拓跋圭自称代王，建立北魏。北魏后来统一中国北方，在南北朝初期与南朝对立。北魏后分裂为东魏和西魏，之后分别被北齐和北周所代替。

柔然与南北朝时期统治中原北方的北魏拓拔氏多次交战。柔然被突厥系民族击败后，分为南北两支。柔然的南支逃到辽河上游，成为契丹人的祖先之一。北支逃到雅布洛诺夫山脉以东、外兴安岭以南的地区，是室韦的祖先。室韦是蒙古人的祖先之一。参见柔然。

鲜卑人 西鲜卑

慕容皝的哥哥率部从东北迁到青海东部，称为吐谷浑。吐谷浑在鼎盛时期占据现青海、甘肃、新疆南部、四川西部。663年（唐龙朔三年），吐蕃攻占吐谷浑全境，吐谷浑灭亡。

鲜卑与匈奴混血后代称为铁弗人。铁弗人赫连勃勃成立夏国。参见匈奴。

在阴山以北，鲜卑与敕勒融合形成乞伏部。383年，前秦的乞伏国仁在淝水之战之后造反，后在现甘肃榆中成立秦国，史称西秦。400年，西秦被羌人姚氏的后秦击败，乞伏干归投奔南凉。409年乞伏干归重建西秦。431年西秦被赫连氏的夏国所灭。

秃发氏与拓跋同源。397年，后凉的秃发乌孤叛变独立，建立南凉。414年南凉灭于乞伏的西秦，秃发部人投奔北魏，被赐姓“源”。

皇族拓跋改姓元,独孤改姓刘,贺兰改姓贺,尉迟改姓尉,丘穆陵改姓穆,步六孤改姓陆,贺拔改姓何 

http://www.baike.com/ipadwiki/鲜卑人

有考古学家根据《步辇图》留下来唐太宗李世民的最早画像推测，一代英明的君主李世民，是鲜卑人的后裔。此言一出，立刻引起人们的议论，李世民是鲜卑人么？

[ 转自铁血社区 http://bbs.tiexue.net/ ]

唐太宗李世民的一生，关于他身世的疑点很多。李世民一家祖籍在今河北省赵县，而李渊生于关陇，自称祖居关陇，是西凉王李皓的后代，借以提高自己的身份地位。其中，在历史上还有这一段插曲，本来西魏以前以山东地区的李姓一门为望族，这一地区有五大望族姓氏--王、卢、崔、李、郑，其中李姓又是鲜卑族中的一大姓氏。而自西魏宇文泰以关中为根据地建国，由此就硬性规定了关陇李姓为望族。有人据此认为李氏一门是破落贵族，还有人说李氏是鲜卑族大野部的姓氏。

唐朝时候少数民族与汉族的界线划分不严格，唐朝之前，北方各民族大融合现象广泛存在，如在隋炀帝时，突厥人就曾强制改穿汉装，北魏孝文帝推行民族之间友好往来的政策，同一个等级的人可以被允许通婚。所以造成了有皇室是少数民族的情况，大臣中也有许多是少数民族。李世民是鲜卑族的后裔，这也是有可能的。然而这里边有几个疑点:一是李渊一门在此之前到底如何，无法从历史上考究得知；二是李渊自称为西凉王李皓后代，到底是事实如此还是自抬身价？http://bbs.tiexue.net/post2_3284187_1.html

匈奴

http://www.gscn.com.cn/pub/lysh/shpp/2010/06/13/1276396913937.html

公元１世纪中叶，活跃于蒙古高原的匈奴被中国东汉王朝屡次击败，又受到蒙古高原新兴的鲜卑族的挤压，不得不向西迁移。此后３００年的史书中很少提到匈奴人的去向，公元４世纪，这个神秘民族又现身欧洲，来到里海北岸的顿河草原游牧。

　　公元３７５年，匈奴人开始大规模扩张，他们向西攻灭了阿兰人和东哥特人在多瑙河沿岸所建立的国家，向南攻克亚美尼亚，一直打到波斯和叙利亚。匈奴人以凶残闻名于世，他们所过之处往往留下一片废墟，一地白骨。进占匈牙利草原后，匈奴人暂时定居下来。公元４３３年，匈奴大单于阿提拉成为各部首领，建立了强有力的中央集权。东起伏尔加河，西至莱茵河，南抵多瑙河的广袤土地上出现了一个庞大帝国。在阿提拉统治的２０年里，匈奴首都布达城成了欧洲的政治中心，各国使者云集于此，争先恐后地献上自己的贡品，表示臣服。匈奴帝国步入极盛时期。

　　匈奴克星与匈奴王情同手足

阿提拉，此人极度危险！他是历史上古代欧亚大陆匈奴人最伟大的领袖和皇帝，历史上称之为“上帝之鞭”，曾多次率领大军入侵东罗马帝国及西罗马帝国，并对两国构成极大的打击。

阿提拉（Attila，406年—453年），与中国历史上北魏太武帝拓跋焘同时的人物。他曾率领军队两次入侵巴尔干半岛，包围君士坦丁堡；亦曾远征至高卢（今法国）的奥尔良地区，最后终于在沙隆之战被停止了向西进军。然而后来他却攻向意大利，并于公元452年把当时西罗马帝国首都拉文纳攻陷，赶走了皇帝瓦伦丁尼安三世，使西罗马帝国名存实亡。 　　由448年至450年，匈奴帝国在阿提拉的带领下，版图到了盛极的地步：东起自咸海，西至大西洋海岸；南起自多瑙河，北至波罗的海。在这广大区域的一带附属国，都有自己的国王和部落酋长，平日向阿提拉称臣纳贡，战时出兵参战。在阿提拉死后，他的帝国迅速瓦解消失，使他在欧洲历史中更富传奇性。在西欧，他被视为残暴及抢夺的象征，但同时相对地亦有历史记载形容他是一个伟大的皇帝，尤见于古北欧的萨迦文献记载中。